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Plotting with Geoplot and GeoPandas#
Geoplot is a Python library providing a selection of easy-to-use geospatial visualizations. It is built on top of the lower-level CartoPy, covered in a separate section of this tutorial, and is designed to work with GeoPandas input.
This example is a brief tour of the geoplot API. For more details on the library refer to its documentation.
First we’ll load in the data using GeoPandas.
[1]:
import geopandas
import geodatasets
import geoplot
world = geopandas.read_file("https://naciscdn.org/naturalearth/110m/cultural/ne_110m_admin_0_countries.zip")
boroughs = geopandas.read_file(geoplot.datasets.get_path("nyc_boroughs"))
collisions = geopandas.read_file(geoplot.datasets.get_path("nyc_injurious_collisions"))
ERROR 1: PROJ: proj_create_from_database: Open of /home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/share/proj failed
Plotting with Geoplot#
We start out by replicating the basic GeoPandas world plot using Geoplot.
[2]:
geoplot.polyplot(world, figsize=(8, 4))
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
TypeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:885, in polyplot.<locals>.PolyPlot.draw(self)
884 try: # Duck test for MultiPolygon.
--> 885 for subgeom in geom:
886 feature = GeopandasPolygonPatch(
887 subgeom, facecolor=facecolor, edgecolor=edgecolor, zorder=zorder,
888 **kwargs
889 )
TypeError: 'MultiPolygon' object is not iterable
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[2], line 1
----> 1 geoplot.polyplot(world, figsize=(8, 4))
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:901, in polyplot(df, projection, extent, figsize, ax, **kwargs)
898 return ax
900 plot = PolyPlot(df, figsize=figsize, ax=ax, extent=extent, projection=projection, **kwargs)
--> 901 return plot.draw()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:892, in polyplot.<locals>.PolyPlot.draw(self)
890 ax.add_patch(feature)
891 except (TypeError, AssertionError): # Shapely Polygon.
--> 892 feature = GeopandasPolygonPatch(
893 geom, facecolor=facecolor, edgecolor=edgecolor, zorder=zorder,
894 **kwargs
895 )
896 ax.add_patch(feature)
898 return ax
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/geopandas/plotting.py:130, in _PolygonPatch(polygon, **kwargs)
126 from matplotlib.patches import PathPatch
127 from matplotlib.path import Path
129 path = Path.make_compound_path(
--> 130 Path(np.asarray(polygon.exterior.coords)[:, :2]),
131 *[Path(np.asarray(ring.coords)[:, :2]) for ring in polygon.interiors],
132 )
133 return PathPatch(path, **kwargs)
AttributeError: 'MultiPolygon' object has no attribute 'exterior'
Geoplot can re-project data into any of the map projections provided by CartoPy (see the list here).
[3]:
# use the Orthographic map projection (e.g. a world globe)
ax = geoplot.polyplot(world, projection=geoplot.crs.Orthographic(), figsize=(8, 4))
ax.outline_patch.set_visible(True)
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:703: UserWarning: Plot extent lies outside of the Orthographic projection's viewport. Defaulting to global extent.
warnings.warn(
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[3], line 3
1 # use the Orthographic map projection (e.g. a world globe)
2 ax = geoplot.polyplot(world, projection=geoplot.crs.Orthographic(), figsize=(8, 4))
----> 3 ax.outline_patch.set_visible(True)
AttributeError: 'GeoAxes' object has no attribute 'outline_patch'
polyplot is trivial and can only plot the geometries you pass to it. If you want to use color as a visual variable, specify a choropleth. Here we sort GDP per person by country into five buckets by color, using “quantiles” binning from the Mapclassify library.
[4]:
import mapclassify
gpd_per_person = world["gdp_md_est"] / world["pop_est"]
scheme = mapclassify.Quantiles(gpd_per_person, k=5)
# Note: this code sample requires geoplot>=0.4.0.
geoplot.choropleth(
world, hue=gpd_per_person, scheme=scheme, cmap="Greens", figsize=(8, 4)
)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:3790, in Index.get_loc(self, key)
3789 try:
-> 3790 return self._engine.get_loc(casted_key)
3791 except KeyError as err:
File index.pyx:152, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc()
File index.pyx:181, in pandas._libs.index.IndexEngine.get_loc()
File pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi:7080, in pandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item()
File pandas/_libs/hashtable_class_helper.pxi:7088, in pandas._libs.hashtable.PyObjectHashTable.get_item()
KeyError: 'gdp_md_est'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[4], line 3
1 import mapclassify
----> 3 gpd_per_person = world["gdp_md_est"] / world["pop_est"]
4 scheme = mapclassify.Quantiles(gpd_per_person, k=5)
6 # Note: this code sample requires geoplot>=0.4.0.
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/geopandas/geodataframe.py:1474, in GeoDataFrame.__getitem__(self, key)
1468 def __getitem__(self, key):
1469 """
1470 If the result is a column containing only 'geometry', return a
1471 GeoSeries. If it's a DataFrame with any columns of GeometryDtype,
1472 return a GeoDataFrame.
1473 """
-> 1474 result = super().__getitem__(key)
1475 # Custom logic to avoid waiting for pandas GH51895
1476 # result is not geometry dtype for multi-indexes
1477 if (
1478 pd.api.types.is_scalar(key)
1479 and key == ""
(...)
1482 and not is_geometry_type(result)
1483 ):
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py:3896, in DataFrame.__getitem__(self, key)
3894 if self.columns.nlevels > 1:
3895 return self._getitem_multilevel(key)
-> 3896 indexer = self.columns.get_loc(key)
3897 if is_integer(indexer):
3898 indexer = [indexer]
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/indexes/base.py:3797, in Index.get_loc(self, key)
3792 if isinstance(casted_key, slice) or (
3793 isinstance(casted_key, abc.Iterable)
3794 and any(isinstance(x, slice) for x in casted_key)
3795 ):
3796 raise InvalidIndexError(key)
-> 3797 raise KeyError(key) from err
3798 except TypeError:
3799 # If we have a listlike key, _check_indexing_error will raise
3800 # InvalidIndexError. Otherwise we fall through and re-raise
3801 # the TypeError.
3802 self._check_indexing_error(key)
KeyError: 'gdp_md_est'
If you want to use size as a visual variable, use a cartogram. Here are population estimates for countries in Africa.
[5]:
africa = world.query('continent == "Africa"')
ax = geoplot.cartogram(
africa, scale="pop_est", limits=(0.2, 1), edgecolor="None", figsize=(7, 8)
)
geoplot.polyplot(africa, edgecolor="gray", ax=ax)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/scope.py:231, in Scope.resolve(self, key, is_local)
230 if self.has_resolvers:
--> 231 return self.resolvers[key]
233 # if we're here that means that we have no locals and we also have
234 # no resolvers
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/collections/__init__.py:1006, in ChainMap.__getitem__(self, key)
1005 pass
-> 1006 return self.__missing__(key)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/collections/__init__.py:998, in ChainMap.__missing__(self, key)
997 def __missing__(self, key):
--> 998 raise KeyError(key)
KeyError: 'continent'
During handling of the above exception, another exception occurred:
KeyError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/scope.py:242, in Scope.resolve(self, key, is_local)
238 try:
239 # last ditch effort we look in temporaries
240 # these are created when parsing indexing expressions
241 # e.g., df[df > 0]
--> 242 return self.temps[key]
243 except KeyError as err:
KeyError: 'continent'
The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:
UndefinedVariableError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In[5], line 1
----> 1 africa = world.query('continent == "Africa"')
2 ax = geoplot.cartogram(
3 africa, scale="pop_est", limits=(0.2, 1), edgecolor="None", figsize=(7, 8)
4 )
5 geoplot.polyplot(africa, edgecolor="gray", ax=ax)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py:4602, in DataFrame.query(self, expr, inplace, **kwargs)
4600 kwargs["level"] = kwargs.pop("level", 0) + 1
4601 kwargs["target"] = None
-> 4602 res = self.eval(expr, **kwargs)
4604 try:
4605 result = self.loc[res]
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/frame.py:4728, in DataFrame.eval(self, expr, inplace, **kwargs)
4725 kwargs["target"] = self
4726 kwargs["resolvers"] = tuple(kwargs.get("resolvers", ())) + resolvers
-> 4728 return _eval(expr, inplace=inplace, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/eval.py:336, in eval(expr, parser, engine, local_dict, global_dict, resolvers, level, target, inplace)
327 # get our (possibly passed-in) scope
328 env = ensure_scope(
329 level + 1,
330 global_dict=global_dict,
(...)
333 target=target,
334 )
--> 336 parsed_expr = Expr(expr, engine=engine, parser=parser, env=env)
338 if engine == "numexpr" and (
339 is_extension_array_dtype(parsed_expr.terms.return_type)
340 or getattr(parsed_expr.terms, "operand_types", None) is not None
(...)
344 )
345 ):
346 warnings.warn(
347 "Engine has switched to 'python' because numexpr does not support "
348 "extension array dtypes. Please set your engine to python manually.",
349 RuntimeWarning,
350 stacklevel=find_stack_level(),
351 )
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:808, in Expr.__init__(self, expr, engine, parser, env, level)
806 self.parser = parser
807 self._visitor = PARSERS[parser](self.env, self.engine, self.parser)
--> 808 self.terms = self.parse()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:827, in Expr.parse(self)
823 def parse(self):
824 """
825 Parse an expression.
826 """
--> 827 return self._visitor.visit(self.expr)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:411, in BaseExprVisitor.visit(self, node, **kwargs)
409 method = f"visit_{type(node).__name__}"
410 visitor = getattr(self, method)
--> 411 return visitor(node, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:417, in BaseExprVisitor.visit_Module(self, node, **kwargs)
415 raise SyntaxError("only a single expression is allowed")
416 expr = node.body[0]
--> 417 return self.visit(expr, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:411, in BaseExprVisitor.visit(self, node, **kwargs)
409 method = f"visit_{type(node).__name__}"
410 visitor = getattr(self, method)
--> 411 return visitor(node, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:420, in BaseExprVisitor.visit_Expr(self, node, **kwargs)
419 def visit_Expr(self, node, **kwargs):
--> 420 return self.visit(node.value, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:411, in BaseExprVisitor.visit(self, node, **kwargs)
409 method = f"visit_{type(node).__name__}"
410 visitor = getattr(self, method)
--> 411 return visitor(node, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:718, in BaseExprVisitor.visit_Compare(self, node, **kwargs)
716 op = self.translate_In(ops[0])
717 binop = ast.BinOp(op=op, left=node.left, right=comps[0])
--> 718 return self.visit(binop)
720 # recursive case: we have a chained comparison, a CMP b CMP c, etc.
721 left = node.left
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:411, in BaseExprVisitor.visit(self, node, **kwargs)
409 method = f"visit_{type(node).__name__}"
410 visitor = getattr(self, method)
--> 411 return visitor(node, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:531, in BaseExprVisitor.visit_BinOp(self, node, **kwargs)
530 def visit_BinOp(self, node, **kwargs):
--> 531 op, op_class, left, right = self._maybe_transform_eq_ne(node)
532 left, right = self._maybe_downcast_constants(left, right)
533 return self._maybe_evaluate_binop(op, op_class, left, right)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:451, in BaseExprVisitor._maybe_transform_eq_ne(self, node, left, right)
449 def _maybe_transform_eq_ne(self, node, left=None, right=None):
450 if left is None:
--> 451 left = self.visit(node.left, side="left")
452 if right is None:
453 right = self.visit(node.right, side="right")
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:411, in BaseExprVisitor.visit(self, node, **kwargs)
409 method = f"visit_{type(node).__name__}"
410 visitor = getattr(self, method)
--> 411 return visitor(node, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/expr.py:544, in BaseExprVisitor.visit_Name(self, node, **kwargs)
543 def visit_Name(self, node, **kwargs):
--> 544 return self.term_type(node.id, self.env, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/ops.py:91, in Term.__init__(self, name, env, side, encoding)
89 tname = str(name)
90 self.is_local = tname.startswith(LOCAL_TAG) or tname in DEFAULT_GLOBALS
---> 91 self._value = self._resolve_name()
92 self.encoding = encoding
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/ops.py:115, in Term._resolve_name(self)
110 if local_name in self.env.scope and isinstance(
111 self.env.scope[local_name], type
112 ):
113 is_local = False
--> 115 res = self.env.resolve(local_name, is_local=is_local)
116 self.update(res)
118 if hasattr(res, "ndim") and res.ndim > 2:
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pandas/core/computation/scope.py:244, in Scope.resolve(self, key, is_local)
242 return self.temps[key]
243 except KeyError as err:
--> 244 raise UndefinedVariableError(key, is_local) from err
UndefinedVariableError: name 'continent' is not defined
If we have data in the shape of points in space, we may generate a three-dimensional heatmap on it using kdeplot.
[6]:
ax = geoplot.kdeplot(
collisions.head(1000),
clip=boroughs.geometry,
shade=True,
cmap="Reds",
projection=geoplot.crs.AlbersEqualArea(),
)
geoplot.polyplot(boroughs, ax=ax, zorder=1)
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:1304: FutureWarning:
`shade` is now deprecated in favor of `fill`; setting `fill=True`.
This will become an error in seaborn v0.14.0; please update your code.
sns.kdeplot(
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_oldcore.py:1498: FutureWarning: is_categorical_dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use isinstance(dtype, CategoricalDtype) instead
if pd.api.types.is_categorical_dtype(vector):
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_oldcore.py:1498: FutureWarning: is_categorical_dtype is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Use isinstance(dtype, CategoricalDtype) instead
if pd.api.types.is_categorical_dtype(vector):
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_oldcore.py:1119: FutureWarning: use_inf_as_na option is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Convert inf values to NaN before operating instead.
with pd.option_context('mode.use_inf_as_na', True):
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/stable/lib/python3.11/site-packages/seaborn/_oldcore.py:1119: FutureWarning: use_inf_as_na option is deprecated and will be removed in a future version. Convert inf values to NaN before operating instead.
with pd.option_context('mode.use_inf_as_na', True):
[6]:
<GeoAxes: >
These are just some of the plots you can make with Geoplot. There are many other possibilities not covered in this brief introduction. For more examples, refer to the Gallery in the Geoplot documentation.