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Plotting with Geoplot and GeoPandas#
Geoplot is a Python library providing a selection of easy-to-use geospatial visualizations. It is built on top of the lower-level CartoPy, covered in a separate section of this tutorial, and is designed to work with GeoPandas input.
This example is a brief tour of the geoplot API. For more details on the library refer to its documentation.
First we’ll load in the data using GeoPandas.
[1]:
import geopandas
import geoplot
world = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path('naturalearth_lowres')
)
boroughs = geopandas.read_file(
geoplot.datasets.get_path('nyc_boroughs')
)
collisions = geopandas.read_file(
geoplot.datasets.get_path('nyc_injurious_collisions')
)
ERROR 1: PROJ: proj_create_from_database: Open of /home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/share/proj failed
Plotting with Geoplot#
We start out by replicating the basic GeoPandas world plot using Geoplot.
[2]:
geoplot.polyplot(world, figsize=(8, 4))
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:885: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
for subgeom in geom:
[2]:
<AxesSubplot: >
Geoplot can re-project data into any of the map projections provided by CartoPy (see the list here).
[3]:
# use the Orthographic map projection (e.g. a world globe)
ax = geoplot.polyplot(
world, projection=geoplot.crs.Orthographic(), figsize=(8, 4)
)
ax.outline_patch.set_visible(True)
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:703: UserWarning: Plot extent lies outside of the Orthographic projection's viewport. Defaulting to global extent.
warnings.warn(
/tmp/ipykernel_3733/975099287.py:5: DeprecationWarning: The outline_patch property is deprecated. Use GeoAxes.spines['geo'] or the default Axes properties instead.
ax.outline_patch.set_visible(True)
Error in callback <function _draw_all_if_interactive at 0x7f552bd5fbe0> (for post_execute):
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/pyplot.py:119, in _draw_all_if_interactive()
117 def _draw_all_if_interactive():
118 if matplotlib.is_interactive():
--> 119 draw_all()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/_pylab_helpers.py:132, in Gcf.draw_all(cls, force)
130 for manager in cls.get_all_fig_managers():
131 if force or manager.canvas.figure.stale:
--> 132 manager.canvas.draw_idle()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2054, in FigureCanvasBase.draw_idle(self, *args, **kwargs)
2052 if not self._is_idle_drawing:
2053 with self._idle_draw_cntx():
-> 2054 self.draw(*args, **kwargs)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backends/backend_agg.py:408, in FigureCanvasAgg.draw(self)
404 # Acquire a lock on the shared font cache.
405 with RendererAgg.lock, \
406 (self.toolbar._wait_cursor_for_draw_cm() if self.toolbar
407 else nullcontext()):
--> 408 self.figure.draw(self.renderer)
409 # A GUI class may be need to update a window using this draw, so
410 # don't forget to call the superclass.
411 super().draw()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:74, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
72 @wraps(draw)
73 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 74 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
75 if renderer._rasterizing:
76 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:51, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
48 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
49 renderer.start_filter()
---> 51 return draw(artist, renderer)
52 finally:
53 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3074, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3071 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3073 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3074 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3075 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3077 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3078 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:131, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
129 if not_composite or not has_images:
130 for a in artists:
--> 131 a.draw(renderer)
132 else:
133 # Composite any adjacent images together
134 image_group = []
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:51, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
48 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
49 renderer.start_filter()
---> 51 return draw(artist, renderer)
52 finally:
53 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:543, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
535 """
536 Extend the standard behaviour of :func:`matplotlib.axes.Axes.draw`.
537
(...)
540 been set.
541 """
542 # Shared processing steps
--> 543 self._draw_preprocess(renderer)
545 # XXX This interface needs a tidy up:
546 # image drawing on pan/zoom;
547 # caching the resulting image;
548 # buffering the result by 10%...;
549 if not self._done_img_factory:
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:509, in GeoAxes._draw_preprocess(self, renderer)
506 # If data has been added (i.e. autoscale hasn't been turned off)
507 # then we should autoscale the view.
508 if self.get_autoscale_on() and self.ignore_existing_data_limits:
--> 509 self.autoscale_view()
511 # Adjust location of background patch so that new gridlines below are
512 # clipped correctly.
513 self.patch._adjust_location()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:946, in GeoAxes.autoscale_view(self, tight, scalex, scaley)
943 matplotlib.axes.Axes.autoscale_view(self, tight=tight,
944 scalex=scalex, scaley=scaley)
945 # Limit the resulting bounds to valid area.
--> 946 if scalex and self._autoscaleXon:
947 bounds = self.get_xbound()
948 self.set_xbound(max(bounds[0], self.projection.x_limits[0]),
949 min(bounds[1], self.projection.x_limits[1]))
AttributeError: 'GeoAxesSubplot' object has no attribute '_autoscaleXon'
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/IPython/core/formatters.py:339, in BaseFormatter.__call__(self, obj)
337 pass
338 else:
--> 339 return printer(obj)
340 # Finally look for special method names
341 method = get_real_method(obj, self.print_method)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/IPython/core/pylabtools.py:151, in print_figure(fig, fmt, bbox_inches, base64, **kwargs)
148 from matplotlib.backend_bases import FigureCanvasBase
149 FigureCanvasBase(fig)
--> 151 fig.canvas.print_figure(bytes_io, **kw)
152 data = bytes_io.getvalue()
153 if fmt == 'svg':
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/backend_bases.py:2314, in FigureCanvasBase.print_figure(self, filename, dpi, facecolor, edgecolor, orientation, format, bbox_inches, pad_inches, bbox_extra_artists, backend, **kwargs)
2308 renderer = _get_renderer(
2309 self.figure,
2310 functools.partial(
2311 print_method, orientation=orientation)
2312 )
2313 with getattr(renderer, "_draw_disabled", nullcontext)():
-> 2314 self.figure.draw(renderer)
2316 if bbox_inches:
2317 if bbox_inches == "tight":
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:74, in _finalize_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
72 @wraps(draw)
73 def draw_wrapper(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs):
---> 74 result = draw(artist, renderer, *args, **kwargs)
75 if renderer._rasterizing:
76 renderer.stop_rasterizing()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:51, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
48 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
49 renderer.start_filter()
---> 51 return draw(artist, renderer)
52 finally:
53 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/figure.py:3074, in Figure.draw(self, renderer)
3071 # ValueError can occur when resizing a window.
3073 self.patch.draw(renderer)
-> 3074 mimage._draw_list_compositing_images(
3075 renderer, self, artists, self.suppressComposite)
3077 for sfig in self.subfigs:
3078 sfig.draw(renderer)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/image.py:131, in _draw_list_compositing_images(renderer, parent, artists, suppress_composite)
129 if not_composite or not has_images:
130 for a in artists:
--> 131 a.draw(renderer)
132 else:
133 # Composite any adjacent images together
134 image_group = []
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/matplotlib/artist.py:51, in allow_rasterization.<locals>.draw_wrapper(artist, renderer)
48 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
49 renderer.start_filter()
---> 51 return draw(artist, renderer)
52 finally:
53 if artist.get_agg_filter() is not None:
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:543, in GeoAxes.draw(self, renderer, **kwargs)
535 """
536 Extend the standard behaviour of :func:`matplotlib.axes.Axes.draw`.
537
(...)
540 been set.
541 """
542 # Shared processing steps
--> 543 self._draw_preprocess(renderer)
545 # XXX This interface needs a tidy up:
546 # image drawing on pan/zoom;
547 # caching the resulting image;
548 # buffering the result by 10%...;
549 if not self._done_img_factory:
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:509, in GeoAxes._draw_preprocess(self, renderer)
506 # If data has been added (i.e. autoscale hasn't been turned off)
507 # then we should autoscale the view.
508 if self.get_autoscale_on() and self.ignore_existing_data_limits:
--> 509 self.autoscale_view()
511 # Adjust location of background patch so that new gridlines below are
512 # clipped correctly.
513 self.patch._adjust_location()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:946, in GeoAxes.autoscale_view(self, tight, scalex, scaley)
943 matplotlib.axes.Axes.autoscale_view(self, tight=tight,
944 scalex=scalex, scaley=scaley)
945 # Limit the resulting bounds to valid area.
--> 946 if scalex and self._autoscaleXon:
947 bounds = self.get_xbound()
948 self.set_xbound(max(bounds[0], self.projection.x_limits[0]),
949 min(bounds[1], self.projection.x_limits[1]))
AttributeError: 'GeoAxesSubplot' object has no attribute '_autoscaleXon'
<Figure size 800x400 with 1 Axes>
polyplot is trivial and can only plot the geometries you pass to it. If you want to use color as a visual variable, specify a choropleth. Here we sort GDP per person by country into five buckets by color, using “quantiles” binning from the Mapclassify library.
[4]:
import mapclassify
gpd_per_person = world['gdp_md_est'] / world['pop_est']
scheme = mapclassify.Quantiles(gpd_per_person, k=5)
# Note: this code sample requires geoplot>=0.4.0.
geoplot.choropleth(
world, hue=gpd_per_person, scheme=scheme,
cmap='Greens', figsize=(8, 4)
)
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:982: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
for subgeom in geom:
[4]:
<AxesSubplot: >
If you want to use size as a visual variable, use a cartogram. Here are population estimates for countries in Africa.
[5]:
africa = world.query('continent == "Africa"')
ax = geoplot.cartogram(
africa, scale='pop_est', limits=(0.2, 1),
edgecolor='None', figsize=(7, 8)
)
geoplot.polyplot(africa, edgecolor='gray', ax=ax)
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:1233: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
for subgeom in scaled_polygon:
/home/docs/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:885: ShapelyDeprecationWarning: Iteration over multi-part geometries is deprecated and will be removed in Shapely 2.0. Use the `geoms` property to access the constituent parts of a multi-part geometry.
for subgeom in geom:
[5]:
<AxesSubplot: >
If we have data in the shape of points in space, we may generate a three-dimensional heatmap on it using kdeplot.
[6]:
ax = geoplot.kdeplot(
collisions.head(1000), clip=boroughs.geometry,
shade=True, cmap='Reds',
projection=geoplot.crs.AlbersEqualArea())
geoplot.polyplot(boroughs, ax=ax, zorder=1)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError Traceback (most recent call last)
Cell In [6], line 1
----> 1 ax = geoplot.kdeplot(
2 collisions.head(1000), clip=boroughs.geometry,
3 shade=True, cmap='Reds',
4 projection=geoplot.crs.AlbersEqualArea())
5 geoplot.polyplot(boroughs, ax=ax, zorder=1)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:1317, in kdeplot(df, projection, extent, figsize, ax, clip, **kwargs)
1310 sns.kdeplot(
1311 x=pd.Series([p.x for p in self.df.geometry]),
1312 y=pd.Series([p.y for p in self.df.geometry]),
1313 ax=ax, **self.kwargs
1314 )
1315 return ax
-> 1317 plot = KDEPlot(
1318 df, projection=projection, extent=extent, figsize=figsize, ax=ax, clip=clip, **kwargs
1319 )
1320 return plot.draw()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:1296, in kdeplot.<locals>.KDEPlot.__init__(self, df, **kwargs)
1294 def __init__(self, df, **kwargs):
1295 super().__init__(df, **kwargs)
-> 1296 self.paint_clip()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/geoplot/geoplot.py:508, in ClipMixin.paint_clip(self)
506 if clip is not None:
507 if self.projection is not None:
--> 508 xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax = self.ax.get_extent(crs=ccrs.PlateCarree())
509 extent = (xmin, ymin, xmax, ymax)
510 clip_geom = self._get_clip(extent, clip)
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:814, in GeoAxes.get_extent(self, crs)
805 def get_extent(self, crs=None):
806 """
807 Get the extent (x0, x1, y0, y1) of the map in the given coordinate
808 system.
(...)
812
813 """
--> 814 p = self._get_extent_geom(crs)
815 r = p.bounds
816 x1, y1, x2, y2 = r
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:821, in GeoAxes._get_extent_geom(self, crs)
819 def _get_extent_geom(self, crs=None):
820 # Perform the calculations for get_extent(), which just repackages it.
--> 821 with self.hold_limits():
822 if self.get_autoscale_on():
823 self.autoscale_view()
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/contextlib.py:135, in _GeneratorContextManager.__enter__(self)
133 del self.args, self.kwds, self.func
134 try:
--> 135 return next(self.gen)
136 except StopIteration:
137 raise RuntimeError("generator didn't yield") from None
File ~/checkouts/readthedocs.org/user_builds/geopandas/conda/v0.12.0/lib/python3.10/site-packages/cartopy/mpl/geoaxes.py:491, in GeoAxes.hold_limits(self, hold)
488 data_lim = self.dataLim.frozen().get_points()
489 view_lim = self.viewLim.frozen().get_points()
490 other = (self.ignore_existing_data_limits,
--> 491 self._autoscaleXon, self._autoscaleYon)
492 try:
493 yield
AttributeError: 'GeoAxesSubplot' object has no attribute '_autoscaleXon'
These are just some of the plots you can make with Geoplot. There are many other possibilities not covered in this brief introduction. For more examples, refer to the Gallery in the Geoplot documentation.