Reading and Writing Files¶
Reading Spatial Data¶
geopandas can read almost any vector-based spatial data format including ESRI shapefile, GeoJSON files and more using the command:
geopandas.read_file()
which returns a GeoDataFrame object. (This is possible because geopandas makes use of the great fiona library, which in turn makes use of a massive open-source program called GDAL/OGR designed to facilitate spatial data transformations).
Any arguments passed to geopandas.read_file()
after the file name will be passed directly to fiona.open
, which does the actual data importation. In general, geopandas.read_file()
is pretty smart and should do what you want without extra arguments, but for more help, type:
import fiona; help(fiona.open)
Among other things, one can explicitly set the driver (shapefile, GeoJSON) with the driver
keyword, or pick a single layer from a multi-layered file with the layer
keyword:
countries_gdf = geopandas.read_file("package.gpkg", layer='countries')
Where supported in fiona
, geopandas can also load resources directly from
a web URL, for example for GeoJSON files from geojson.xyz:
url = "http://d2ad6b4ur7yvpq.cloudfront.net/naturalearth-3.3.0/ne_110m_land.geojson"
df = geopandas.read_file(url)
You can also load ZIP files that contain your data:
zipfile = "zip:///Users/name/Downloads/cb_2017_us_state_500k.zip"
states = geopandas.read_file(zipfile)
If the dataset is in a folder in the ZIP file, you have to append its name:
zipfile = "zip:///Users/name/Downloads/gadm36_AFG_shp.zip!data"
If there are multiple datasets in a folder in the ZIP file, you also have to specify the filename:
zipfile = "zip:///Users/name/Downloads/gadm36_AFG_shp.zip!data/gadm36_AFG_1.shp"
It is also possible to read any file-like objects with a read()
method, such as a file handler (e.g. via built-in open
function) or StringIO
:
filename = "test.geojson"
file = open(filename)
df = geopandas.read_file(file)
You can also read path objects:
import pathlib
path_object = pathlib.path(filename)
df = geopandas.read_file(path_object)
geopandas can also get data from a PostGIS database using the geopandas.read_postgis()
command.
Reading subsets of the data¶
Since geopandas is powered by Fiona, which is powered by GDAL, you can take advantage of
pre-filtering when loading in larger datasets. This can be done geospatially with a geometry
or bounding box. You can also filter rows loaded with a slice. Read more at geopandas.read_file()
.
Geometry Filter¶
New in version 0.7.0.
The geometry filter only loads data that intersects with the geometry.
gdf_mask = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path("naturalearth_lowres")
)
gdf = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path("naturalearth_cities"),
mask=gdf_mask[gdf_mask.continent=="Africa"],
)
Bounding Box Filter¶
New in version 0.1.0.
The bounding box filter only loads data that intersects with the bounding box.
bbox = (
1031051.7879884212, 224272.49231459625, 1047224.3104931959, 244317.30894023244
)
gdf = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path("nybb"),
bbox=bbox,
)
Row Filter¶
New in version 0.7.0.
Filter the rows loaded in from the file using an integer (for the first n rows) or a slice object.
gdf = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path("naturalearth_lowres"),
rows=10,
)
gdf = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path("naturalearth_lowres"),
rows=slice(10, 20),
)
Field/Column Filters¶
Load in a subset of fields from the file:
Note
Requires Fiona 1.8+
gdf = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path("naturalearth_lowres"),
ignore_fields=["iso_a3", "gdp_md_est"],
)
Skip loading geometry from the file:
Note
Requires Fiona 1.8+
Note
Returns pandas.DataFrame
pdf = geopandas.read_file(
geopandas.datasets.get_path("naturalearth_lowres"),
ignore_geometry=True,
)
Writing Spatial Data¶
GeoDataFrames can be exported to many different standard formats using the
geopandas.GeoDataFrame.to_file()
method.
For a full list of supported formats, type import fiona; fiona.supported_drivers
.
In addition, GeoDataFrames can be uploaded to PostGIS database (starting with GeoPandas 0.8)
by using the geopandas.GeoDataFrame.to_postgis()
method.
Note
GeoDataFrame can contain more field types than supported by most of the file formats. For example tuples or lists can be easily stored in the GeoDataFrame, but saving them to e.g. GeoPackage or Shapefile will raise a ValueError. Before saving to a file, they need to be converted to a format supported by a selected driver.
Writing to Shapefile:
countries_gdf.to_file("countries.shp")
Writing to GeoJSON:
countries_gdf.to_file("countries.geojson", driver='GeoJSON')
Writing to GeoPackage:
countries_gdf.to_file("package.gpkg", layer='countries', driver="GPKG")
cities_gdf.to_file("package.gpkg", layer='cities', driver="GPKG")
Writing to PostGIS:
from sqlalchemy import create_engine
db_connection_url = "postgres://myusername:mypassword@myhost:5432/mydatabase";
engine = create_engine(db_connection_url)
countries_gdf.to_postgis(name="countries_table", con=engine)